...Having just experienced a year (2009) when trade-related outcomes differed markedly from those expe...For example, by the time of the September 2009 Pittsburgh summ...In terms of the domestic political constraints that have pr...
... of Switzerland, using average overall trade weights that take into account third-market effect...For example, it measures the competition faced by Swiss export... Swiss franc steadily appreciates in real terms against the euro, it does not show a clear trend a...
... different communication channels, for example the internet. 183. Chatviartkova, Natallia . Ch.... Repeatedly imposed prison terms and large fines against those involved in peaceful....1948 Borisov Head of the Federation of Trade Unions . 25. Kaliada, Aliaksandr Mikhailavich K...
Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France, managed to erase "free and undistorted competition" from the proposed new EU Treaty as a main aim of the European Union. Afterwards, he asked rhetorically what competition has done for Europe. This article is an attempt to reply to that very important question. The view of competition and its effects among decision-makers is likely to affect numerous policy outcomes. Throughout history, there has been a struggle between freedom and control in Europe. Competition is the result of economic freedom and the absence of interventions in the economy by the state. And it has done very much indeed for Europe. It may be the single most important reason why the average income in Western Europe is 14 times higher today than in 1820. If anything, Europe needs mo...
... shapes over centuries and decades: Trade or protectionism, laissez-faire or mercantilism, c... is based on objective data from, for example, the OECD and the World Bank, and looks at ten cat... since and are now declining in relative terms.' (BERNANKE 2007). From the 1980s, however, many E...
... of their selective distribution network to trade online, and also (in principle) to do so under a d... free-riding since suppliers could for example try to compensate for the additional costs referre... meet the requirements of the supplier in terms of client advice, delivery, assembly work or custo...
Given the sharp rise in crude oil prices and growing awareness of climate change, the potential of biofuels, particularly of bioethanol, has become an ubiquitous topic of public debate and has induced ambitious policy initiatives. The latter are mostly paired with protectionist measures as the examples of the European Union and the United States show, where domestic producers of energy crops are put at an advantage thanks to subsidisation, direct payments and/or favourable tax schemes. Moreover, the EU is working out a mandatory certification scheme for ethanol imports, imposing social and environmental standards which constitute another hurdle for more efficiently produced ethanol originating in the Southern hemisphere. A similar path is taken by Switzerland's revised mineral oil tax l...
... puzzle: The debate is most often gauged in terms of national markets with policy having full contro...Very few studies consider international trade in biofuels and the majority does not even touch t...
There is nearly unanimous consent among WTO practitioners and scholars that the remedy of tariff compensation is legally superior, economically more efficient and socially more beneficial than retaliatory suspension of tariff concessions (tariff retaliation). This article argues in favour of a revitalization of tariff compensation. However, under the current regime compensation is a thoroughly unattractive policy instrument for decision makers having to temporarily opt out of a WTO Agreement in reaction to domestic shocks. Hence, tariff compensation is vastly underused. We examine reasons for the relative unattractiveness of this policy instrument and propose a substantial reform agenda of the WTO agreements and the dispute settlement system, so as to make compensation a policy tool of ...
...PASCAL LAMY (then EU Commissioner for Trade) "Hymn to Compliance".1. 1 Introduction. In this p... that are unable to improve on their terms of trade through a border measure, simply "shoot t... maximum harm on the violating Member, for example by means of "carousel retaliation" (cf. HUDEC 2002...
... different communication channels, for example the internet. 183. Chatviartkova, Natallia . Ch.... Repeatedly imposed prison terms and large fines against those involved in peaceful....1948 Borisov Head of the Federation of Trade Unions . 25. Kaliada, Aliaksandr Mikhailavich K...
The "new generation of Free Trade Agreements" announced by the Commission of the European Community signals an intention to substantially extend the geographic coverage of its reciprocal, preferential trade agreements. We review the development of regionalism in East Asia by listing the existing bilaterals and those under negotiation and conclude that the EC's initiative will have minimal effect in this region. However, globally, there are two super-hubs, namely the EC and the US, each with its network of spokes and associated rules. They are likely to compete to design any new multilateral rules which are WTO-plus.
...Fourth, in terms of numbers of agreements, the links involving East... of both the EC and the US networks (for example, Chile, Israel, Mexico and Singapore) and there ar...
... different communication channels, for example the internet. 183. Chatviartkova, Natallia . Ch.... Repeatedly imposed prison terms and large fines against those involved in peaceful....1948 Borisov Head of the Federation of Trade Unions . 25. Kaliada, Aliaksandr Mikhailavich K...
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