The effects of the latest period of Euro appreciation from 2006 to 2007 on the German economy, especially on exports, are cushioned, in the short run, by the regional pattern of foreign buyers, invoicing practices and hedging activities, enterprises' favorable cost development and their currently comfortable profit situation. In the longer run, volume effects (competition effects) may be expected to occur owing to the incomplete pricing-to-market of exporters and importers. Purchasing power effects on real incomes must also be taken into account. Although these two effects have, in some years, had a rather powerful impact on real income growth, their overall impact was virtually neutral on average over the 1993-2007 observation period. [PUB ABSTRACT]
...Having just experienced a year (2009) when trade-related outcomes differed markedly from those expe... governments to take measures that effectively restrict commerce. The remainder of this paper is ...In terms of the domestic political constraints that have pr...
..., together with any amendments and further terms, elections and arrangements provided for in the sc... or economic terms for specific trades. The commercial and any transaction-specific con..., but usually with amendments that effectively import some of the new provisions of the 2002 agre...
The European Community represents one of the primary destinations for Indian goods, accounting for one fifth of Indian exports. Indian goods have been at the receiving end of a significant majority of anti subsidy investigations initiated by the European Commission. Such goods have been alleged to be benefiting from subsidies inconsistent with Council Regulation 2026/97 which forms the legal basis for anti subsidy investigations initiated by the Commission. The paper puts forth an analysis of India's export incentive schemes including old schemes already subjected to challenge as well as new schemes vulnerable to challenge in future investigations with regard to the Council Regulation 2026/97 and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.
... lend a helping hand to manufacturers and traders - exporters who seek to export their goods or serv... of greater transparency and effectiveness in the application of the Agreement on Subsidies a..., which no doubt confers a benefit on terms more favourable than that available in the market....
..., looks at transportability, which in other terms means respect for the original weight and dimensio... are no match against the increasing effectiveness of roadside bombs in Afghanistan. . In September 2... Europe is working closely with the UK Trade & Investment Defence and Security Organisation to ...
... indirect evidence on Balassa-Samuelson effects, the most common argument to explain relative trad... of Switzerland, using average overall trade weights that take into account third-market effect... Swiss franc steadily appreciates in real terms against the euro, it does not show a clear trend a...
Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France, managed to erase "free and undistorted competition" from the proposed new EU Treaty as a main aim of the European Union. Afterwards, he asked rhetorically what competition has done for Europe. This article is an attempt to reply to that very important question. The view of competition and its effects among decision-makers is likely to affect numerous policy outcomes. Throughout history, there has been a struggle between freedom and control in Europe. Competition is the result of economic freedom and the absence of interventions in the economy by the state. And it has done very much indeed for Europe. It may be the single most important reason why the average income in Western Europe is 14 times higher today than in 1820. If anything, Europe needs mo...
... shapes over centuries and decades: Trade or protectionism, laissez-faire or mercantilism, c... since and are now declining in relative terms.' (BERNANKE 2007). From the 1980s, however, many E...
There is nearly unanimous consent among WTO practitioners and scholars that the remedy of tariff compensation is legally superior, economically more efficient and socially more beneficial than retaliatory suspension of tariff concessions (tariff retaliation). This article argues in favour of a revitalization of tariff compensation. However, under the current regime compensation is a thoroughly unattractive policy instrument for decision makers having to temporarily opt out of a WTO Agreement in reaction to domestic shocks. Hence, tariff compensation is vastly underused. We examine reasons for the relative unattractiveness of this policy instrument and propose a substantial reform agenda of the WTO agreements and the dispute settlement system, so as to make compensation a policy tool of ...
...PASCAL LAMY (then EU Commissioner for Trade) "Hymn to Compliance".1. 1 Introduction. In this p...the effective trade losses (MAVROIDIS 2000, p. 774; HUDEC 2002, ... that are unable to improve on their terms of trade through a border measure, simply "shoot t...
Given the sharp rise in crude oil prices and growing awareness of climate change, the potential of biofuels, particularly of bioethanol, has become an ubiquitous topic of public debate and has induced ambitious policy initiatives. The latter are mostly paired with protectionist measures as the examples of the European Union and the United States show, where domestic producers of energy crops are put at an advantage thanks to subsidisation, direct payments and/or favourable tax schemes. Moreover, the EU is working out a mandatory certification scheme for ethanol imports, imposing social and environmental standards which constitute another hurdle for more efficiently produced ethanol originating in the Southern hemisphere. A similar path is taken by Switzerland's revised mineral oil tax l...
... with regard to its environmental effectiveness, namely its GHG life-cycle balance and its impact ... puzzle: The debate is most often gauged in terms of national markets with policy having full contro...Very few studies consider international trade in biofuels and the majority does not even touch t...
The "new generation of Free Trade Agreements" announced by the Commission of the European Community signals an intention to substantially extend the geographic coverage of its reciprocal, preferential trade agreements. We review the development of regionalism in East Asia by listing the existing bilaterals and those under negotiation and conclude that the EC's initiative will have minimal effect in this region. However, globally, there are two super-hubs, namely the EC and the US, each with its network of spokes and associated rules. They are likely to compete to design any new multilateral rules which are WTO-plus.
...Fourth, in terms of numbers of agreements, the links involving East...
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