As continue to grow, the international accreditation network, underpinned by internationally agreed standards, plays an essential role in the support of competitive markets and cross-border trade. This is increasingly important as businesses seek to lower costs or satisfy contract terms while maintaining a level of confidence that products are technically compatible, to specification and safe. Since conformity assessment bodies are mostly commercial organizations, accreditation assesses and declares the technical competence of these organizations in order to provide confidence in their results or test data. The development of standards and accreditation systems is spreading to new territories. The International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation network of members...
Real exchange rates are a major short-run determinant of any country's capacity to compete. In this paper, we compute a unit-labour-costs-based real exchange rate for Switzerland for the period 1980-2006. This study uses manufacturing sector data on wages and labour productivity in Switzerland and twelve of its major trade partners and present detailed findings on relative labour costs and relative productivity trends. Our main findings are that, measured in these terms, the Swiss real exchange rate depreciated by some 9% in the period under analysis and that this improvement in competitiveness is essentially due to Swiss wage moderation. At a bilateral level, results highlight diverging trends: a significant gain of competitiveness is observed vis-à-vis Germany, Italy, the UK, Spain, A...
...Having just experienced a year (2009) when trade-related outcomes differed markedly from those expe... viewpoints can point to some support in the data. Better though to present all the dimensions of re...In terms of the domestic political constraints that have pr...
..., together with any amendments and further terms, elections and arrangements provided for in the sc... or economic terms for specific trades. The commercial and any transaction-specific con... information including relevant market data from dealers, end users, information vendors and o...
Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France, managed to erase "free and undistorted competition" from the proposed new EU Treaty as a main aim of the European Union. Afterwards, he asked rhetorically what competition has done for Europe. This article is an attempt to reply to that very important question. The view of competition and its effects among decision-makers is likely to affect numerous policy outcomes. Throughout history, there has been a struggle between freedom and control in Europe. Competition is the result of economic freedom and the absence of interventions in the economy by the state. And it has done very much indeed for Europe. It may be the single most important reason why the average income in Western Europe is 14 times higher today than in 1820. If anything, Europe needs mo...
... shapes over centuries and decades: Trade or protectionism, laissez-faire or mercantilism, c...The analysis is based on objective data from, for example, the OECD and the World Bank, an... since and are now declining in relative terms.' (BERNANKE 2007). From the 1980s, however, many E...
The Panel report in EC-Biotech, for the time being, puts an end to one of the most complex cases in the history of WTO dispute settlement. The analysis at hand covers the issues relevant beyond the realms of biotechnology, namely the impact of non-WTO rules of public international law on the interpretation of WTO law. the scope of the SPS Agreement, the categories "undue delay" and "insufficient scientific evidence" in connection with precautionary measures, and product-origin as a criterion for the national-treatment obligation. On the one hand, some of the criticism raised against the Panel report turns out to be unjustified. It is, on the other hand, a deficiency of the Panel report that some parts of it do not foster legal clarity.
... assessments of the consistency of EC trade restrictions for GMOs with WTO requirements existe...This resulted in "undue delay" in terms of Annex C(l)(a), first clause, and Article 8 of t..., the fact that scientific information and data are still limited, does, according to the Panel, n...
... from the literature examining international trade and growth theories on the basis of firm-level evi... price segmentation on the basis of survey data, little emphasis has been placed on firm size.4 Th...In terms of numbers, the wider of these two alternative cla...
..., looks at transportability, which in other terms means respect for the original weight and dimensio.... The most recent data about the vehicle shows an increased kerb weight o... Europe is working closely with the UK Trade & Investment Defence and Security Organisation to ...
...) found similar results using disaggregated data. The theoretical models used to generate the gravi...Insurance cost in ad-valorem terms is the highest for Argentina, it represents a 13 p...
Introduction. In terms of macroeconomic policy the response by government..., such as now, a tension of interest to trade policymakers arises, namely, that between a govern..., this is due to the paucity of high quality data on almost every aspect of national government proc...
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