...Having just experienced a year (2009) when trade-related outcomes differed markedly from those expe... section of the paper draws together the argument and includes some recommendations for economic pol...In terms of the domestic political constraints that have pr...
... of their selective distribution network to trade online, and also (in principle) to do so under a d... points of sale was not a decisive argument. An important part of the customer base of househo... meet the requirements of the supplier in terms of client advice, delivery, assembly work or custo...
The European Community represents one of the primary destinations for Indian goods, accounting for one fifth of Indian exports. Indian goods have been at the receiving end of a significant majority of anti subsidy investigations initiated by the European Commission. Such goods have been alleged to be benefiting from subsidies inconsistent with Council Regulation 2026/97 which forms the legal basis for anti subsidy investigations initiated by the Commission. The paper puts forth an analysis of India's export incentive schemes including old schemes already subjected to challenge as well as new schemes vulnerable to challenge in future investigations with regard to the Council Regulation 2026/97 and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.
... lend a helping hand to manufacturers and traders - exporters who seek to export their goods or serv...India's argument in crux was that irrespective of whether some inpu..., which no doubt confers a benefit on terms more favourable than that available in the market....
Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France, managed to erase "free and undistorted competition" from the proposed new EU Treaty as a main aim of the European Union. Afterwards, he asked rhetorically what competition has done for Europe. This article is an attempt to reply to that very important question. The view of competition and its effects among decision-makers is likely to affect numerous policy outcomes. Throughout history, there has been a struggle between freedom and control in Europe. Competition is the result of economic freedom and the absence of interventions in the economy by the state. And it has done very much indeed for Europe. It may be the single most important reason why the average income in Western Europe is 14 times higher today than in 1820. If anything, Europe needs mo...
... shapes over centuries and decades: Trade or protectionism, laissez-faire or mercantilism, c... managed to highlight the issue, this argument has been frequent in politics for a long time and ... since and are now declining in relative terms.' (BERNANKE 2007). From the 1980s, however, many E...
Given the sharp rise in crude oil prices and growing awareness of climate change, the potential of biofuels, particularly of bioethanol, has become an ubiquitous topic of public debate and has induced ambitious policy initiatives. The latter are mostly paired with protectionist measures as the examples of the European Union and the United States show, where domestic producers of energy crops are put at an advantage thanks to subsidisation, direct payments and/or favourable tax schemes. Moreover, the EU is working out a mandatory certification scheme for ethanol imports, imposing social and environmental standards which constitute another hurdle for more efficiently produced ethanol originating in the Southern hemisphere. A similar path is taken by Switzerland's revised mineral oil tax l...
... puzzle: The debate is most often gauged in terms of national markets with policy having full contro...Very few studies consider international trade in biofuels and the majority does not even touch t... land is re-cultivated, but efficiency arguments speak for the use of high yield land for biofuels....
Recognition of the need for more ethically responsible business practices has the emergence of a strong global movement to embrace and promote the concept of social responsibility (SR). In the debate about the reach and relevance of SR there have been faltering attempts to arrive at agreed definitions and ways to expand its spread. However, the ISO has taken a major step forward in the wider adoption of SR by opening the way for the publication of ISO 26000, which gives guidance on social responsibility as an International Standard by the end of 2010. ISO 26000 is intended for use by organizations of all types, in both the public and the private sectors, in developed and developing countries, as well as economies in transition. It will encourage socially responsible operations in the ma...
...One of the key arguments that resulted in the recommendation to proceed wit...* Concepts, terms and definitions. * The background, trends and char...
The Panel report in EC-Biotech, for the time being, puts an end to one of the most complex cases in the history of WTO dispute settlement. The analysis at hand covers the issues relevant beyond the realms of biotechnology, namely the impact of non-WTO rules of public international law on the interpretation of WTO law. the scope of the SPS Agreement, the categories "undue delay" and "insufficient scientific evidence" in connection with precautionary measures, and product-origin as a criterion for the national-treatment obligation. On the one hand, some of the criticism raised against the Panel report turns out to be unjustified. It is, on the other hand, a deficiency of the Panel report that some parts of it do not foster legal clarity.
... assessments of the consistency of EC trade restrictions for GMOs with WTO requirements existe...This resulted in "undue delay" in terms of Annex C(l)(a), first clause, and Article 8 of t... the US, objected mainly relying on the argument that neither of the complainants was party to the ...
...-scale outsourcing of food production.1 Arguments range from the importance of maintaining agricultu...In purely economic terms, it would only make sense to shift agricultural pr...
Introduction. In terms of macroeconomic policy the response by government..., such as now, a tension of interest to trade policymakers arises, namely, that between a govern... (2005) pushed Baldwin and Richardson's argument a step further. We argued that if a procurement ba...
Many observers are now pessimistic about the prospect of completing the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations, at least in the short run. The realisation that so much remains to be negotiated before the forthcoming US presidential primaries and elections has raised the prospect of the Doha Round unravelling or drifting from later this year until the second half of 2009, at the earliest. Having described the developments in the Doha Round up to the issuance of the Chairman's texts in July 2007 this paper examines why reciprocal trade negotiations, whose success has been trumpeted in prior rounds, have run into so much trouble this time around. Four factors are identified in this regard and their implications for the near term prospects of completing the Doha Round discussed. Long...
... Foreign Minister said negotiating on these terms was "useless". The G4 having failed to narrow thei... of the building blocks of the eventual argument. The second element in the argument is to recognis...
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