The effects of the latest period of Euro appreciation from 2006 to 2007 on the German economy, especially on exports, are cushioned, in the short run, by the regional pattern of foreign buyers, invoicing practices and hedging activities, enterprises' favorable cost development and their currently comfortable profit situation. In the longer run, volume effects (competition effects) may be expected to occur owing to the incomplete pricing-to-market of exporters and importers. Purchasing power effects on real incomes must also be taken into account. Although these two effects have, in some years, had a rather powerful impact on real income growth, their overall impact was virtually neutral on average over the 1993-2007 observation period. [PUB ABSTRACT]
..., together with any amendments and further terms, elections and arrangements provided for in the sc... or economic terms for specific trades. The commercial and any transaction-specific con...
There is nearly unanimous consent among WTO practitioners and scholars that the remedy of tariff compensation is legally superior, economically more efficient and socially more beneficial than retaliatory suspension of tariff concessions (tariff retaliation). This article argues in favour of a revitalization of tariff compensation. However, under the current regime compensation is a thoroughly unattractive policy instrument for decision makers having to temporarily opt out of a WTO Agreement in reaction to domestic shocks. Hence, tariff compensation is vastly underused. We examine reasons for the relative unattractiveness of this policy instrument and propose a substantial reform agenda of the WTO agreements and the dispute settlement system, so as to make compensation a policy tool of ...
...PASCAL LAMY (then EU Commissioner for Trade) "Hymn to Compliance".1. 1 Introduction. In this p... that are unable to improve on their terms of trade through a border measure, simply "shoot t...
As continue to grow, the international accreditation network, underpinned by internationally agreed standards, plays an essential role in the support of competitive markets and cross-border trade. This is increasingly important as businesses seek to lower costs or satisfy contract terms while maintaining a level of confidence that products are technically compatible, to specification and safe. Since conformity assessment bodies are mostly commercial organizations, accreditation assesses and declares the technical competence of these organizations in order to provide confidence in their results or test data. The development of standards and accreditation systems is spreading to new territories. The International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation network of members...
The protection of intellectual property rights has become one of the most difficult challenges for creative industries, affecting governments, artists, creators, analysts and agencies alike. The most significant challenge is how legal and policy frameworks can keep up with the fast-paced and constantly evolving digital world. While copyright remains the fundamental guarantor of the rights of authorship, the Creative Commons movement is a fast-growing area of interest in the protection of intellectual property rights for artists, creators and educators. Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit corporation dedicated to making it easier to share creative works within the rules of copyright. Through providing free licenses and other tools, CC provides a mechanism for creators to entice the cap...
... infringement as long as they abide by the terms of use. For learners, openly licensed materials pr...
... of Switzerland, using average overall trade weights that take into account third-market effect... Swiss franc steadily appreciates in real terms against the euro, it does not show a clear trend a...
The "new generation of Free Trade Agreements" announced by the Commission of the European Community signals an intention to substantially extend the geographic coverage of its reciprocal, preferential trade agreements. We review the development of regionalism in East Asia by listing the existing bilaterals and those under negotiation and conclude that the EC's initiative will have minimal effect in this region. However, globally, there are two super-hubs, namely the EC and the US, each with its network of spokes and associated rules. They are likely to compete to design any new multilateral rules which are WTO-plus.
...Fourth, in terms of numbers of agreements, the links involving East...
This paper traces the linking of trade and security, a characteristic of US foreign economic policy since 2001. It does so with reference to US economic policy in East Asia. We argue that the US has been unable to resist the temptation to link foreign economic and security policy. While there was evidence of the securitisation of economic globalisation in US policy from day one of the BUSH Administration, it was September 11 that firmed up this trend. Ever since, the BUSH government has been seeing globalisation not simply in neoliberal economic terms, but also through the lenses of the national security agenda of the United States. Economic globalisation has been linked to security policy. This trend is evident in East Asia, where the United States has put an emphasis on Free Trade Agr...
The Panel report in EC-Biotech, for the time being, puts an end to one of the most complex cases in the history of WTO dispute settlement. The analysis at hand covers the issues relevant beyond the realms of biotechnology, namely the impact of non-WTO rules of public international law on the interpretation of WTO law. the scope of the SPS Agreement, the categories "undue delay" and "insufficient scientific evidence" in connection with precautionary measures, and product-origin as a criterion for the national-treatment obligation. On the one hand, some of the criticism raised against the Panel report turns out to be unjustified. It is, on the other hand, a deficiency of the Panel report that some parts of it do not foster legal clarity.
... assessments of the consistency of EC trade restrictions for GMOs with WTO requirements existe...This resulted in "undue delay" in terms of Annex C(l)(a), first clause, and Article 8 of t...
The study tries to answer the following questions: Will exposure to world agricultural prices generate more poverty or less? To what extent will households be affected by changes in agricultural trade polices? Do multilateral agricultural liberalization matter more than bilateral changes? Results of simulations using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model linked to household survey data suggest that trade liberalization has only modest effects on the level of GDP, but it has a substantial effect in reducing poverty. Moreover, the combined effects of global and domestic liberalization are more pro-poor than the effect of domestic liberalization alone. [PUB ABSTRACT]
..., but rather to describe in non-mathematical terms its main hypotheses and the developments introduce...
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