The growing number of free trade areas has resulted in an increasing importance of preferential rules of origin. Regularly, these instruments are used as protectionist devices. Rules of origin are becoming obstacles for international trade. In this paper, firstly the various types of rules of origin and their administration will be explained. The analysis of the consequences for international trade shows that rules of origin can produce trade diversion. The attempts of the European Union to reduce the welfare-reducing effects of free trade areas by creating pan-European rules of origin have been only partly successful. The rules of origin in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) show a clear protectionist bias in some product groups.
This paper investigates the impact of international outsourcing on total employment using two-digit manufacturing data for seven EU countries for the period of 1995-2000. Estimates using OLS first differences show that imported materials from the same industry originating from low-wage countries have a significant and negative impact on total employment. The estimates suggest that rising intermediate imports from low-wage countries may account for an approximate reduction of 0.25 percentage points in employment per year. Sample split regressions show that the impact of imported materials from low-wage countries is statistically significant in industries with low skill intensity but not in skill intensive industries such as machinery, electrical, optical and transport equipment.
...Deputy Editor of the paper «Sovietskaia Belarus» . Massnahmen gegenüber B...Rector of International HumanitarianEconomic Institute; responsible for th...
1 Introduction. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors likely to have the grea...
...This paper, in contrast, reports on the importance of firm si...
Given the sharp rise in crude oil prices and growing awareness of climate change, the potential of biofuels, particularly of bioethanol, has become an ubiquitous topic of public debate and has induced ambitious policy initiatives. The latter are mostly paired with protectionist measures as the examples of the European Union and the United States show, where domestic producers of energy crops are put at an advantage thanks to subsidisation, direct payments and/or favourable tax schemes. Moreover, the EU is working out a mandatory certification scheme for ethanol imports, imposing social and environmental standards which constitute another hurdle for more efficiently produced ethanol originating in the Southern hemisphere. A similar path is taken by Switzerland's revised mineral oil tax l...
... to a situation where government strategy papers formulate very ambitious goals of substitution, bu...
...Deputy Editor of the paper «Sovietskaia Belarus» . NAMES (English transcr...Rector of International HumanitarianEconomic Institute; responsible for th...
The effects of the latest period of Euro appreciation from 2006 to 2007 on the German economy, especially on exports, are cushioned, in the short run, by the regional pattern of foreign buyers, invoicing practices and hedging activities, enterprises' favorable cost development and their currently comfortable profit situation. In the longer run, volume effects (competition effects) may be expected to occur owing to the incomplete pricing-to-market of exporters and importers. Purchasing power effects on real incomes must also be taken into account. Although these two effects have, in some years, had a rather powerful impact on real income growth, their overall impact was virtually neutral on average over the 1993-2007 observation period. [PUB ABSTRACT]
... through international redistribution.1 This paper places focuses more on exchange rate effects, with...
This paper analyses Swiss import policy for patent-protected goods (national exhaustion) - which in comparison with other (European) countries is restrictive - from the perspective of international trade theory. Even though trade theory provides arguments against the elimination of trade barriers in multiply-regulated markets (theory of the second best), these seem to apply, if at all, to price-regulated goods in the specific case analysed in this paper. There is a danger that liberalising imports may lead to a fall in the world market price due to external price referencing; this could negatively affect Swiss welfare given the extremely high ratio of exports to domestic output in the Swiss pharmaceutical industry. For patented goods that are not subject to price regulation, abolishing ...
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