in international commerce has two distinct meanings. In trade negotiations, the term is used broadly to argue that subsidies and disguised barriers skew the global trade system against developing countries and commodity producers. often pays the producers one-quarter to one-third more than they can get on the open market. But only Fairtrade-labelled products -- that is, those certified by Fairtrade Labeling Organizations International -- imply agreement on a minimum price. labeling initiatives are under way in 15 European countries, while producers are organized into some 3,000 grass-roots organizations, with umbrella structures present in over 50 developing countries. Apart from coffee, bananas and some other fruits and vegetables, ...
This paper examines the structure of remittances originating from Switzerland. We find that while Switzerland is reported to be the third largest source of remittances worldwide, the vast majority of these outflows are wages earned by non-resident commuters from France, Italy and Germany. We further estimate that two-thirds of the remittances made by immigrants resident in Switzerland flow to European countries with high per capita income. These findings suggest that the development impact of is negligible compared to that of other major source countries. [PUB ABSTRACT]
This paper analyses Swiss import policy for patent-protected goods (national exhaustion) - which in comparison with other (European) countries is restrictive - from the perspective of international trade theory. Even though trade theory provides arguments against the elimination of trade barriers in multiply-regulated markets (theory of the second best), these seem to apply, if at all, to price-regulated goods in the specific case analysed in this paper. There is a danger that liberalising imports may lead to a fall in the world market price due to external price referencing; this could negatively affect Swiss welfare given the extremely high ratio of exports to domestic output in the Swiss pharmaceutical industry. For patented goods that are not subject to price regulation, abolishing ...
This paper attempts to address the issue of whether or not it would be in the long-term interests of Switzerland to allow parallel imports, particularly medicines, from European Union member countries. The market for pharmaceuticals is state-regulated and new drugs have to be regulated by individual countries through negotiation in order to establish price levels.
About half a year earlier, [Silvio Berlusconi] had boasted that Parma, Italy was selected as host of the EU's new food authority, rather than archrival Helsinki, because of the superior quality of Italian food. The Italian leader complained that in order to win support from other European countries, he had to first "endure" Finnish food. French President Jacques Chirac, presumably incited by the wit of his Italian counterpart, added fuel to the fire a few weeks later by suggesting that the only food worse than British is Finnish. These undeserved insults directed against Finnish cuisine by two major European leaders did not go unnoticed in Helsinki. Planning had already been under way for over a year for a major campaign to promote Finnish food. The stinging comments from both Berluscon...
Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France, managed to erase "free and undistorted competition" from the proposed new EU Treaty as a main aim of the European Union. Afterwards, he asked rhetorically what competition has done for Europe. This article is an attempt to reply to that very important question. The view of competition and its effects among decision-makers is likely to affect numerous policy outcomes. Throughout history, there has been a struggle between freedom and control in Europe. Competition is the result of economic freedom and the absence of interventions in the economy by the state. And it has done very much indeed for Europe. It may be the single most important reason why the average income in Western Europe is 14 times higher today than in 1820. If anything, Europe needs mo...
... problems in a number of European countries, to a large extent the consequence of current econ...
...The Camcopter, which is still the only European drone of its category to be in operational service...-medium-term market in Eastern European countries by offering an upgrade for the SA-6 Gainful propos...
In Barbados, collaboration between the public and private sectors successfully secured better tourism trade conditions than that afforded by the World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services. The Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the CARIFORUM Group of African Caribbean Pacific countries and the European Union (EU) represented enhanced and new market access opportunities for CARIFORUM investors and service providers in the tourism industry in the EU market. The outcomes of this process demonstrate that the private sector in developing countries, including small and vulnerable economies, can reap significant rewards from the adoption of a proactive approach to and early engagement in trade negotiations.
Given the sharp rise in crude oil prices and growing awareness of climate change, the potential of biofuels, particularly of bioethanol, has become an ubiquitous topic of public debate and has induced ambitious policy initiatives. The latter are mostly paired with protectionist measures as the examples of the European Union and the United States show, where domestic producers of energy crops are put at an advantage thanks to subsidisation, direct payments and/or favourable tax schemes. Moreover, the EU is working out a mandatory certification scheme for ethanol imports, imposing social and environmental standards which constitute another hurdle for more efficiently produced ethanol originating in the Southern hemisphere. A similar path is taken by Switzerland's revised mineral oil tax l...
... will be strongest in the developed OECD countries, whereas comparative advantage is in the Southern ...
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