Given the sharp rise in crude oil prices and growing awareness of climate change, the potential of biofuels, particularly of bioethanol, has become an ubiquitous topic of public debate and has induced ambitious policy initiatives. The latter are mostly paired with protectionist measures as the examples of the European Union and the United States show, where domestic producers of energy crops are put at an advantage thanks to subsidisation, direct payments and/or favourable tax schemes. Moreover, the EU is working out a mandatory certification scheme for ethanol imports, imposing social and environmental standards which constitute another hurdle for more efficiently produced ethanol originating in the Southern hemisphere. A similar path is taken by Switzerland's revised mineral oil tax l...
..., the European Union, Switzerland, and Australia (DOORNBUSCH and STEENBLIK 2007). The numbers are o...The essence of the ruling was that such positive conditionalit...
Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France, managed to erase "free and undistorted competition" from the proposed new EU Treaty as a main aim of the European Union. Afterwards, he asked rhetorically what competition has done for Europe. This article is an attempt to reply to that very important question. The view of competition and its effects among decision-makers is likely to affect numerous policy outcomes. Throughout history, there has been a struggle between freedom and control in Europe. Competition is the result of economic freedom and the absence of interventions in the economy by the state. And it has done very much indeed for Europe. It may be the single most important reason why the average income in Western Europe is 14 times higher today than in 1820. If anything, Europe needs mo...
... levels of entrepreneurship are in Australia, the US, and the UK, and the lowest levels are in ...Public monopolies are in essence centrally planned systems, and though there may be...
The Panel report in EC-Biotech, for the time being, puts an end to one of the most complex cases in the history of WTO dispute settlement. The analysis at hand covers the issues relevant beyond the realms of biotechnology, namely the impact of non-WTO rules of public international law on the interpretation of WTO law. the scope of the SPS Agreement, the categories "undue delay" and "insufficient scientific evidence" in connection with precautionary measures, and product-origin as a criterion for the national-treatment obligation. On the one hand, some of the criticism raised against the Panel report turns out to be unjustified. It is, on the other hand, a deficiency of the Panel report that some parts of it do not foster legal clarity.
...7.1495,7.1497). In essence, it considered this provision a "good faith"-oblig...Quoting the Appellate Body report in Australia-Salmon, the Panel emphasised that it was "not suff...
.... In essence, the Uclass would belatedly replace the ill-fated ...Australia, Japan and Britain are likely to acquire RQ-4s. . ...
... Tanker-Transport) has been chosen for Australia, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Britai...In essence, the Air Force (re-)specified an aircraft with lit...
The admittance of amicus curiae briefs in the US-Shrimp/Turtle dispute in 1998 stirred a debate among WTO Member States whether the dispute settlement procedure should be accessible for private individuals and entities. Developing countries firmly opposed the inclusion of amid curiae into the Disupute Settlement Understanding (DSU) and repeated their arguments frequently in cases leading to amicus submissions, fearing a further shift of power in favour of developed countries and changes in the nature of the dispute settlement system. The present article examines these concerns in light of the experience made with amicus submissions in 21 disputes. It will be argued that most of the fears expressed by developing countries are ungrounded and often base on wrong assumptions.
... not to be taken into account concerned Australia's import prohibition on certain salmon, which cons... from this approach that the amid were in essence mere advocates of U.S. interests would be wrong: a...
... his profession, he says, "'Chin' means essence, 'Woo' refers to martial arts, 'Kung' means effort...Australia and even Japan. . Famous actors such as Bruce Lee....
...) and mutual support capability--the very essence of battlegroup efficiency--not to mention the abil... the smaller, new-generation Hawkei in Australia. Innovative get-togetherness of one or several com...
This paper traces the linking of trade and security, a characteristic of US foreign economic policy since 2001. It does so with reference to US economic policy in East Asia. We argue that the US has been unable to resist the temptation to link foreign economic and security policy. While there was evidence of the securitisation of economic globalisation in US policy from day one of the BUSH Administration, it was September 11 that firmed up this trend. Ever since, the BUSH government has been seeing globalisation not simply in neoliberal economic terms, but also through the lenses of the national security agenda of the United States. Economic globalisation has been linked to security policy. This trend is evident in East Asia, where the United States has put an emphasis on Free Trade Agr...
... in Asia, widely defined: with Australia and Singapore. The exclusion of other potential pa...In essence, both the scholarly literature and the empirical h...
...There are reports that Australia, having earlier selected the C-295 to replace its ...In essence, the engines were raised to boost circulation arou...
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