Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France, managed to erase "free and undistorted competition" from the proposed new EU Treaty as a main aim of the European Union. Afterwards, he asked rhetorically what competition has done for Europe. This article is an attempt to reply to that very important question. The view of competition and its effects among decision-makers is likely to affect numerous policy outcomes. Throughout history, there has been a struggle between freedom and control in Europe. Competition is the result of economic freedom and the absence of interventions in the economy by the state. And it has done very much indeed for Europe. It may be the single most important reason why the average income in Western Europe is 14 times higher today than in 1820. If anything, Europe needs mo...
...Public monopolies are in essence centrally planned systems, and though there may be...
The European Community represents one of the primary destinations for Indian goods, accounting for one fifth of Indian exports. Indian goods have been at the receiving end of a significant majority of anti subsidy investigations initiated by the European Commission. Such goods have been alleged to be benefiting from subsidies inconsistent with Council Regulation 2026/97 which forms the legal basis for anti subsidy investigations initiated by the Commission. The paper puts forth an analysis of India's export incentive schemes including old schemes already subjected to challenge as well as new schemes vulnerable to challenge in future investigations with regard to the Council Regulation 2026/97 and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.
... is such that only certain enterprises can make use of it10. It is to be noted, however, that if t...The relevant provision in essence deems a subsidy to exist when a government makes a...
... agreement will enable Switzerland to make a more important contribution to the prosecution o..., the Federal Supreme Court confirmed, in essence, the findings of the lower court. It considered th...
Given the sharp rise in crude oil prices and growing awareness of climate change, the potential of biofuels, particularly of bioethanol, has become an ubiquitous topic of public debate and has induced ambitious policy initiatives. The latter are mostly paired with protectionist measures as the examples of the European Union and the United States show, where domestic producers of energy crops are put at an advantage thanks to subsidisation, direct payments and/or favourable tax schemes. Moreover, the EU is working out a mandatory certification scheme for ethanol imports, imposing social and environmental standards which constitute another hurdle for more efficiently produced ethanol originating in the Southern hemisphere. A similar path is taken by Switzerland's revised mineral oil tax l...
... and social conditions which will make it practically impossible to meet the targets1. Mu...The essence of the ruling was that such positive conditionalit...
Unmanned aircraft continue to make remarkable progress, taking over-increasing shares.... In essence, the Uclass would belatedly replace the ill-fated ...
... conçus pour la désulfuration de l'essence et du kérosène, ainsi que leurs composants spéc... welding and cutting machine, which could make a material contribution to Iran's missile program,...
The Panel report in EC-Biotech, for the time being, puts an end to one of the most complex cases in the history of WTO dispute settlement. The analysis at hand covers the issues relevant beyond the realms of biotechnology, namely the impact of non-WTO rules of public international law on the interpretation of WTO law. the scope of the SPS Agreement, the categories "undue delay" and "insufficient scientific evidence" in connection with precautionary measures, and product-origin as a criterion for the national-treatment obligation. On the one hand, some of the criticism raised against the Panel report turns out to be unjustified. It is, on the other hand, a deficiency of the Panel report that some parts of it do not foster legal clarity.
... 3.1 and Annex A(3), Annex A(1) did not make any reference to "international standards, guideli...7.1495,7.1497). In essence, it considered this provision a "good faith"-oblig...
The group's 20th year of playing has been inaugurated with the release of Vasen Street, the musicians' 15th album and latest entry in a long line of various recorded incarnations and collaborations. Critically acclaimed from the start, the band has not been a stranger to such praise as "[Vasen] treads an enchanted territory between classical, folk and pop" from the Utne Reader or from a critic in The Washington Post who wrote, "...the band's anciently original compositions can be immensely brooding, stately, fitfully spry or dramatically expansive. Whether they were playing the inventive "Loke's Troubles" from their collaboration with Marshall & Anger or the beguiling "Josefin's Waltz," a tune by Tallroth from the Trio album that has caught on in Celtic music circles, the listeners...
...We just try to have a good time and make music.. and things have happened, and we've picked...
... must give us a sense of understanding the essence of the world, and of the country we left. It must ...-multiplying the number of initiatives that make the lives of foreigners in Switzerland complicated...
The reason for [hus] is mainly the realization that Scandinavia has so many great brands that never get their due attention it the U.S.," says owner Steen Knigge. "Either they don't want to bother with the rules and regulations, liability issues and lawyers in the U.S. - which is understandable, or they get lost in the vastness of all other brands. I wanted to create a place where Scandinavian brands, both known and unknown, could leverage off of each other. In essence, [hus] is about offering the consumer new unknown brands as well along with the more traditional, established Scandinavian names. Knigge himself is appropriately polished and suave, but still approachable and friendly. He's the man you'd trust to help you hunt down a hip item for your fashionista girlfriend, or design-f...
..., there's enough elbowroom at [hus] to make it comfortable to move around, which makes for a r...
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