Given the sharp rise in crude oil prices and growing awareness of climate change, the potential of biofuels, particularly of bioethanol, has become an ubiquitous topic of public debate and has induced ambitious policy initiatives. The latter are mostly paired with protectionist measures as the examples of the European Union and the United States show, where domestic producers of energy crops are put at an advantage thanks to subsidisation, direct payments and/or favourable tax schemes. Moreover, the EU is working out a mandatory certification scheme for ethanol imports, imposing social and environmental standards which constitute another hurdle for more efficiently produced ethanol originating in the Southern hemisphere. A similar path is taken by Switzerland's revised mineral oil tax l...
... of renewable fuels in general, Directive 2003/30/EC mandates that Member States have a mini...
..., sont conformes à l'annexe I de la directive 2008/38/CE29. . 29 Directive 2008/38 de la Commiss... d'application du règlement (CE) no 1831/2003 du Parlement européen et du Conseil en ce qui con...
In recent policy debates in Europe, the question 'what has competition done for Europe?' has been posed at the highest levels. This question merits careful reflection. Competition as it is understood by mainstream economic and legal scholars refers not to an ideology but to inter-firm rivalry in markets. Such rivalry ensures that consumers enjoy choice, low prices, and good value for money. The authors consider the historical origins and development as well as the current role and effects of competition policy in Europe. The latter includes legal provisions that address anti-competitive practices by firms and activities aimed at promoting competition in respect of potentially anti-competitive government measures. They conclude that such policy has made essential contributions to the hig...
...* Competition-driven directives. These directives, which have been particularly si... measures were introduced by Directive 2003/54/EC47 and Regulation (EC) No 1228/ 2003 on "Cros...
... que celui-ci avait donné une directive claire au service comptable et que l'on ne pouvait... (arrêt du Tribunal fédéral du 4 juillet 2003 6S.142/2003). Dans le présent cas, il n'y a pas l...
The principal elements of the European Commission's recent Communication on its external trade policy (titled "Global Europe") are assessed in this paper. Certain shifts are discernible in the Commission's position, in particular as they relate to the prominence given to market access objectives and to bilateral and regional trade agreements. Even so, this latest Communication is probably best thought of as an evolution in the Commission's trade policy and not an abrupt break with the past. Particular attention is given here to the potential payoffs from the proposed bilateral trade negotiations with selected Asian nations and the need for further thinking on the Commission's part with respect to the multilateral trading system.
... along the lines of the EC Enforcement Directive. We will seek to include provisions on good govern...By 2003, in contrast, SIR LEON BRITTAN'S successor was cha...
... The Supreme Court referred to the EU directive relevant to consumer goods including toothpaste (7...On November 6, 2006 the ComCo discontinued its proceedings in re... Supreme Court upheld this decision in June 2003, and thereby a measure of liberalisation of the Sw...
...6. L'art. 3 est remplacé par le texte suivant:. Ar... d'assaisonnement. 2003. Champignons et truffes, préparés ou conservés ...1. Textes de base. - Directive 66/402/CEE du Conseil, du 14 juin 1966, concernant...
...01.10.2006 01.01.2007 . 01.02.2003 . 01.02.2003 . 01.10.2003 . 01.01.2008 01.01.200...les candélabres d'éclaira g e . Partie 6: Exigences pour . les candélabres d'éclai r a. ... aux exigences essentielles de la directive relative aux produits de construction. (Directive ...
...3 FF 2006 9317 . 2009-2209 6185 . Annexe . Date d'entrée en vigueur de la norme c...01.10.2006 01.01.2007 . 01.02.2003 . 01.02.2003 . 01.10.2003 . 01.01.2008 01.01.200... aux exigences essentielles de la directive relative aux produits de construction. (Directive ...
...6. les établissements d'exécution des peines et me...6. Ordonnance du 25 juin 2003 sur les émoluments et indemnités perçus pour le... électroniques de données selon les directives de l'OFS. . 2 L'échange de données au sein d'u...
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